PASS* 

M1S& 


MEMORANDUM 


CONCERNING 

CONCERTED  INTERNATIONAL  RESTRAINT 
OF  THE  TRAFFIC  IN  INTOXICANTS  AND 
OPIUM  AMONG  ABORIGINAL  RACES. 


MEMORANDUM 


CONCERNING 

CONCERTED  INTERNATIONAL  RESTRAINT 
OF  THE  TRAFFIC  IN  INTOXICANTS  AND 
OPIUM  AMONG  ABORIGINAL  RACES. 


1  NEW  YORK: 

PRESS  OF  THE  RELIANCE  TRADING  COMPANY, 
120  West  Fourteenth  Street. 


1906. 


MEMORANDUM 


CONCERNING 

CONCERTED  INTERNATIONAL  RESTRAINT  OF  THE  TRAFFIC  IN 
INTOXICANTS  AND  OPIUM  AMONG  ABORIGINAL  RACES. 


We  recognize  that  in  the  development  of  “world  politics,”  the  “Concert  of  Europe,”  whose 
first  concerts  were  the  Crusades,  by  which  even  in  Avar  European  nations  learned  to  co-operate; 
Avhose  second  series  includes  the  great  treaties  of  peace  at  the  end  of  Avars,  that  aimed  to 
preserve  “the  balance  of  poAver Avliose  third  series  includes  the  united  efforts  of  the  Great 
Powers  in  times  of  peace  to  continue  peace  by  the  Hague  World  Court  and  other  plans  of  inter¬ 
national  arbitration,  has  begun  a  fourth  concurrent  series  dealing  Avith  wrongs  and  vices  because 
of  their  “moral  and  material  injury,”  and  because  in  some  cases  they  liaA'e  aroused  the  resistless 
abhorrence  of  the  Avorld.  This  series  includes  concerted  action,  long  since,  to  suppress  piracy 
and  the  slaAre  trade,  and  more  recent  action  to  suppress  the  kinclreid  traffic  in  girls  and  the 
equally  piratical  sale  of  enslaving  intoxicants  and  opium  to  aboriginal  races,  civilized  and  un¬ 
civilized. 

This  Memorandum  deals  Avith  this  last  form  of  piracy  and  slavery,  aiming  to  summarize 
all  important  steps  already  taken  or  proposed  by  governmental  and  commercial  bodies,  especi¬ 
ally  in  the  United  States,  for  the  information  of  all  concerned,  and  especially  the  official  dele¬ 
gates  of  many  gOArernments  gathered  at  Brussels  on  October  10,  1900,  to  consider  further  pro¬ 
posed  restrictions  of  the  sale  of  intoxicants  to  aboriginal  races,  among  whom  such  traffic  is 
found  to  be  inimical  at  once  to  markets  and  morals,  as  a  guide  to  further  international  action 
desired  by  many,  namely,  the  suppression  by  a  neAv  treaty  of  such  traffic  in  intoxicants,  including 
opium,  among  all  uncivilized  races,  in  accordance  Avith  a  resolution  below,  adopted  by  the 
United  States  Senate,  January  4,  1901,  inviting  all  commercial  poAvers  to  join  in  such  action. 


BRUSSELS  TREATY  OF  1890. 

1.  In  1890  seventeen  nations  made  a  treaty  at  Brussels  for  the  neAvly  opened  Congo  country, 
of  Avhicli  article  XC  was  as  follows : 

“Being  justly  anxious  concerning  the  moral  and  material  consequences  to  which  the  abuse 
of  spirituous  liquors  subjects  the  native  population,  the  signatory  poAvers  have  agreed  (that) 
in  the  districts  of  this  zone  Avhere  it  shall  be  ascertained  that,  either  on  account  of  religious 
belief  or  from  some  other  causes,  the  use  of  distilled  liquors  does  not  exist  or  has  not  been  de¬ 
veloped,  the  poAvers  shall  prohibit  their  importation.  The  manufacture  of  distilled  liquors  shall 
also  be  prohibited  there.” 

Article  XOII  provides  for  a  progressively  increasing  tax  on  distilled  liquors  for  six  years 
in  all  parts  of  the  zone  to  Avliich  the  above  prohibition  does  not  apply,  as  an  experiment  on 
Avliich  to  determine  a  minimum  tax  that  Avill  be  prohibitory  to  natives. 

The  list  of  Nations  included  in  this  convention,  given  in  the  order  in  AAdiich  they  ratified 
the  treaty,  is  as  folloAvs : 

Germany,  Belgium,  Denmark,  Spain,  the  independent  States  of  the  Congo,  Great.  Britain, 
Italy,  the  Netherlands,  Persia,  SAveden  and  Norway,  Zanzibar,  Austria-linng>uy,  the  Ottoman 
Porte,  the  French  Republic,  United  States.  Portugal. 

The  testimony  of  missionaries  is  that  the  treaty  has  been  to  a  good  degree  effective. 


BRUSSELS  TREATY  FOR  1899. 

2.  In  1899,  the  same  nations  sent  delegates  to  Avhat  Avas  this  time  an  official  temperance 
convention,  called  to  deal  only  Avith  liquor  selling  to  natives  of  Africa,  and  made  another 
treaty,  based  on  experiments  referred  to,  to  protect  the  natives  of  a  large  part  of  Africa  against 
distilled  liquors. 

By  this  treaty,  in  which  the  same  nations  joined  (except  Zanzibar,  Avhicli  had  been  ab¬ 
sorbed).  Avith  Russia  added,  the  tax  on  distilled  liquors  in  the  entire  zone,  described  in  Article 
XC  of  tiie  treaty  of  1890,  Avas  raised  from  10  to  52  cents  a  gallon,  Avliich,  by  experiment  provided 
for  in  the  treaty  of  1890,  had  been  determined  to  be  a  prohibitory  tax  for  the  native  races.  As 
the  portious  of  Africa  north  of  this  zone  are  Mohammedan  countries,  Avhose  native  races  are  ab¬ 
stainers  from  all  intoxicants  by  the  requirement  of  their  religion,  and  as  the  portions  south 
of  this  zone  Avere  mostly  protected,  so  far  as  the  natives  are  concerned,  by  the  ucav  British  policy 


Beverages. 


4 


of  prohibiting  liquor  selling  among  native  tribes  in  protection  of  trade,  as  well  as  for  other 
reasons,  it  will  be  seen  that  this  second  treaty  aimed  to  complete  the  protection  of  African  races 
against  distilled  liquors  without  restricting  its  use  by  the  whites,  so  far  as  they  were  able  to 
pay  the  increased  price. 

(It  is  assumed  that  the  inadequacy  of  this  attempt  to  prohibit  by  raising  the  tax  and  price 
was  the  occasion  for  calling  a  third  conference  on  the  subject  in  190b.) 


OFFICIAL  BRITISH  DECLARATIONS  AGAINST  SALE  OF  INTOXICATING  LIQUORS  AND  ODIUM  TO 

ABORIGINAL  RACES. 


DECLARATION  OF  RT.  HON.  JOSEPH  CHAMBERLAIN,  WHEN  BRITISH  COLONIAL  SECRETARY. 

When  the  extra  heavy  tax  was  imposed  on  foreign  spirits  imported  into  West  Africa,  the 
region  purchased  by  the  English  Government  from  the  Royal  Niger  Company,  the  traders  com¬ 
plained  that  these  heavy  dues  interfered  with  their  trade.  The  Colonial  Secretary,  the  Right 
Hon.  Joseph  Chamberlain,  replied  that  it  was  the  intention  of  the  Government  to  discourage 
the  drink  traffic ,  as  it  ultimately  destroyed  all  trade  by  destroying  the  population. 


PROHIBITION  FOR  SUDAN  NATIVES. 

Foreign  Office,  December  10,  1900. 

Sir :  Lord  Cromer  states  that  Lord  Kitchener,  when  governor-general  of  the  Sudan,  in¬ 
structed  the  moodirs  to  see  that  no  liquor  was  sold  to  natives,  but  that  no  written  orders 
under  the  ordinance  have  been  published.  License  holders  are  under  police  supervision  and 
are  fully  aware  of  the  prohibition  of  sale  to  natives.  The  question  does  not  really  arise  in 
practice,  as  the  liquors  imported  are  too  expensive  for  the  natives  to  purchase.  Recently  the 
importation  in  small  quantities  of  mastic,  a  cheaper  kind  of  liquor,  has  been  sanctioned  under 
the  express  condition  that  it  is  only  for  the  consumption  of  the  Greeks. 

I  am,  sir,  your  most  obedient,  humble  servant, 

T.  IT.  Sanderson, 

Rev.  Wilbur  F.  Crafts,  Washington,  D.  C.  (Sec’y  of  Lord  Lansdowne. ) 


GRADUAL  PROHIBITION  OF  OPIUM  IN  BURMA. 

India  Office,  Whitehall,  S.  W.,  September  13,  1900. 

Sir:  With  reference  to  your  letter  of  July  18,  1900,  to  the  Secretary  of  State  for  the  Col¬ 
onies,  which  has  been  forwarded  to  this  office,  I  am  directed  by  Lord  George  Hamilton  to  for¬ 
ward  an  extract  containing  a  description  of  the  rules  regarding  cultivation,  manufacture  and 
sale  of  opium  and  the  registration  system  applied  to  opium  consumption  in  Burma. 

I  am,  sir,  your  obedient  servant, 

Horace  Walpole. 

Wilbur  F.  Crafts,  Esq.,  Reform  Bureau,  Washington,  I).  C. 

(Extracts  from  Rules,  81.) 

The  system  of  registering  Burmans  was  introduced  in  the  beginning  of  1893.  It  was  then 
decided  to  extend  the  prohibition  of  the  use  of  opium  (except  for  medicinal  purposes)  by  Bur- 
mans,  which  had  always  been  enforced  in  Upper  Burma,  to  Lower  Burma.  In  order  to 
avoid  infWLKg  hardship  on  Burmans  who  had  become  habituated  to  the  use  of  the  drug, 
notices  were  issued  in  March,  1893,  to  the  effect  that  after  the  new  system  had  been  introduced 
no  Burmans  except  such  as  had  registered  themselves  would  be  permitted  to  possess  opium,  ex¬ 
cept  for  medicinal  purposes;  that  all  Burmans  of  25  years  and  upwards  who  desired  to  con¬ 
tinue  the  use  of  opium  must  register  themselves;  and  that  Burmans  under  25  years  of  age 
were  not  permitted  to  register. 


BRITISH  COLONIES  FAVOR  MORE  DRASTIC  MEASURES. 

In  1904,  through  the  representations  of  Dr.  Francis  E.  Clark,  Chairman  of  the  American 
“Native  Races  Deputation/’  composed  of  leading  officers  of  missionary  and  reform  societies, 
the  missionary  bodies  of  Australia  were  led  to  memorialize  the  Premier  and  Lieut. -Govern or 
of  Australia  to  second  a  request  of  the  American  President  (described  below)  that  Great 
Britain  should  join  the  United  States  in  submitting  to  other  commercial  powers  an  agreement 
to  mutually  prohibit  the  sale  of  intoxicants  and  opium  among  uncivilized  races.  The  Australian 
Government  also  undertook  to  restrain  these  traffics  in  Australia,  and  has  since  carried  a  strong- 
prohibitory  law  for  opium.  A  bill  has  passed  one  house  of  the  federal  parliament  at  least  look¬ 
ing  to  protection  of  the  savages  of  the  South  Sea  islands  against  intoxicants. 


in  Canada  representative  religions  and  reform  bodies  and  mass  meetings  have  petitioned 
the  British  Government  to  join  the  United  States  in  submitting  the  proposed  universal  treaty. 
An  anti-opium  society  has  also  been  formed  in  Toronto  to  aid  the  emancipation  of  China. 


RELEASE  OF  CHINA  FROM  TREATY  COMPULSION  TO  TOLERATE  THE  OPIUM  TRAFFIC. 

On  May  80.  the  British  Parliament  reiterated  unanimously  its  previous  declaration  that 
the  Indo-Chinese  opium  trade  is  ‘‘morally  indefensible/’  and  requested  His  Majesty’s  Govern¬ 
ment  to  “bring  it  to  a  speedy  close/’  which  it  is  understood  is  to  be  done  on  the  “gradual  eman¬ 
cipation”  method,  in  ten  years. 


ATTITUDE  OF  CHINESE  GOVERNMENT  AND  OFFICIALS. 

The  Chinese  Government  agrees  also  ro  suppress  the  domestic  culture  of  the  poppy  in  the 
ten  year  period,  and  in  the  meantime  to  exclude  all  opium  users  from  official  positions. 

In  this  connection  it  is  pertinent  to  cite  interviews  with  and  letters  of  Chinese  Ministers 
at  Washington,  who  repeatedly  sent  to  their  Imperial  Government  expressions  of  American 
sentiment  in  favor  of  the  emancipation  of  China  from  the  opium  curse. 

In  1900,  Mr.  Wu  Ting  Fang,  in  an  interview  with  and  in  a  letter  to  Rev.  Wilbur  F.  Crafts, 
Superintendent  of  the  International  Reform  Bureau,  showed  that  the  Chinese  Emperors  from 
the  fourth  century  had  usually  prohibited  the  sale  and  use  of  intoxicants,  and  also,  when  per¬ 
mitted,  the  sale  and  use  of  opium  except  for  medicinal  purposes.  (Confirmatory  of  the  claims 
of  Air.  Wu  we  may  cite  the  testimony  of  President  James  B.  Angell  that  when  he  was  an  Ameri¬ 
can  Minister  at  Pekin  he  “would  not  see  three  drunken  Chinamen  in  a  year.”) 

The  sympathy  of  the  present  Chinese  Minister  with  American  efforts  to  emancipate  China 
is  shown  in  the  following  letter,  the  proposals  of  which,  as  to  China’s  duty  at  this  stage  of  the 
crusade,  are  now  being  carried  into  effect,  in  part,  no  doubt,  because  of  the  expressions  he 
has  sent  to  bis  Government  from  Americans  and  in  his  own  behalf. 


Imperial  Chinese  Legation,  Washington,  31st  December,  1905. 


Dr.  Wilbur  F.  Crafts, 


My  dear  Sir :  I  have  read  your  letter  of  the  28th  instant  with  enclosure  of  a  copy  of  an 
address"  made  by  you  on  September  25tli  with  the  greatest  interest.  The  work  you  and  your 
societ3r  is  endeavoring  to  accomplish  is  a  most  noble  one,  and  deserves  all  commendation.  And 
I  trust  .you  will  meet  with  ultimate  success.  Opium,  though  of  a  much  milder  character 
than  the  Indian  drug,  has  been  much  grown  in  parts  of  China  itself.  While  it  is  very  well  to  stop 
the  importation  from  British  India,  China  should  also  take  steps  to  prohibit  its  cultivation  in 
her  own  territory.  Our  duty  to  mankind,  to  the  better  development  of  my  countrymen,  demands 
this.  But  how  far  existing  conditions  will  permit  immediate,  radical  action  on  the  part  of  its 
Imperial  Government  my  fellow  officials  in  China  are  better  judges  than  myself.  To  uproot 
such  a  deep  evil  will  take  time.  No  greater  harm  can  be  done  to  the  human  race  than  this  low 
absorbing  drug,  and  this  subject  should  engage  the  serious  attention  of  every  friend  of  hu¬ 
manity.  In  returning  you  the  copy  of  your  address,  I  wish  you  a  most  happy  new  year. 

Yours  sincerely, 


*  “What  Next  in  Japan  and  China?” 


Chentung  Liang  Ci-ieng. 


It  should  be  noted  that  reputable  Chinese  merchants  have  materially  aided  in  securing 
prohibition  of  opium  in  Australia  and  the  Philippines;  and  in  the  United  States  they  took  the 
following  part  in  the  popular  effort  to  emancipate  China  from  opium : 


PETITION  OF  CHINESE  ANTI-OPIUM  SOCIETY  OF  SAN  FRANCISCO,  APRIL  i,  1905. 

(Translation.) 

To  the  Honorable  the  Secretary  of  State,  Hon.  John  Hay,  Washington,  D.  C. :  .. 

The  undersigned,  being  natives  of  China,  or  descendants  of  the  same,  earnestly  petition 
you  to  use  your  great  diplomatic  influence  to  induce  Great  Britain  to  withdraw  from  China 
the  opium  treaty,  thus  making  it  possible  for  China  to  prevent  the  use  of  opium  by  stopping 
the  growth  of  the  poppy  and  prohibiting  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  opium  within  her  juris¬ 
diction. 


ATTITUDE  OF  JAPANESE  OFFICIALS. 

The  effective  prohibition  of  opium  except  for  medicinal  uses  in  Japan  proper,  and  the 
gradual  prohibition  in  force  in  Formosa  are  both  instructive.  The  recent  Japanese  Minister 
at  Washington,  Mr.  Takahira,  sent  to  the  Mikado’s  Government  American  expressions  of  sym¬ 
pathy  with  China’s  desire  to  suppress  the  opium  curse. 

The  Japanese  Government  itself  took  the  initiative  in  getting  from  the  International 
Reform  Bureau  at  Washington,  through  Minister  Takahira  before  the  war,  all  the  documents 
bearing  on  the  crusade  to  protect  all  aboriginal  races  against  intoxicants  and  opium.  In  an 
interview  later  with  Dr.  DeForest,  a  missionary,  Baron  Komura,  then  holding  the  portfolio  of 
Foreign  Affairs,  expressed  cordial  approval  of  the  proposed  treaty  to  protect  all  such  tribes 
against  all  intoxicants  and  opium. 


APPROVAL  OF  KING  OSCAR. 


In  1904,  Dr.  Francis  E.  Clark,  already  cited  as  Chairman  of  the  American  Native  Races 
Deputation,  presented  the  proposed  treaty  to  protect  all  aboriginal  races  against  all  intoxicants 
and  opium  to  King  Oscar,  who  gave  the  project  his  cordial  approval. 


ACTION  AND  ATTITUDE  OF  THE  AMERICAN  GOVERNMENT  AND  PEOPLE. 

From  message  of  President  Grover  Cleveland,  December  4,  1893. 

By  Article  XII  of  the  general  act  of  Brussels,  signed  July  2,  1S90,  for  the  suppression  of 
the  slave  trade  and  the  restriction  of  certain  injurious  commerce  in  the  independent  State  of 
the  Kongo  and  in  the  adjacent  zone  of  Central  Africa,  the  United  States  and  other  signatory 
powers  agreed  to  adopt  the  appropriate  means  for  the  punishment  of  persons  selling  arms,  and 
ammunition  to  the  natives  and  for  the  confiscation  of  the  inhibited  articles.  It  be¬ 
ing  the  plain  duty  of  this  government  to  aid  in  suppressing  the  nefarious  traffic,  impair¬ 
ing  as  it  does  the  praiseworthy  and  civilizing  efforts  now  in  progress,  I  recommend  that  an  act 
be  passed  prohibiting  the  sale  of  arms  and  intoxicants  to  natives  in  the  regulated  zone  by  our 
citizens. 

From  message  of  President  William  McKinley,  December  3,  1900. 

We  have  been  urgently  solicited  by  Belgium  to  ratify  the  International  Convention  of  June, 
1,899,  amendatory  of  the  previous  Convention  of  1890,  in  relation  to  the  regulation  of  the  liquor 
traffic  in  Africa.  Compliance  was  necessarily  withheld  in  the  absence  of  advice  and  consent  of 
the  Senate  thereto.  The  principle  involved  has  the  cordial  sympathy  of  this  government,  which 
in  the  revisionary  negotiations  advocated  more  drastic  measures,  and  I  would  gladly  see  its 
extension,  by  international  agreement  to  the  restriction  of  the  liquor  traffic  with  all"  uncivilized 
peoples,  especially  in  the  Western  Pacific. 


Letter  from  Ex-President  Harrison. 


In  response  to  a  request  from  the  International  Reform  Bureau  for  the  support  of  the 
Lodge  resolution  declaring  for  additional  treaties  and  laws  to  protect  uncivilized  races  against 
intoxicants,  opium  and  firearms,  and  the  Gillett  New  Hebrides  bill,  which  provides  as  install¬ 
ment  of  such  protection  for  all  Pacific  islands  not  under  the  government  of  any  civilized  power, 
the  following  letter  was  received  from  Ex-President  Harrison : 


January  1,  1901. 

My  dear  Sir:  I  have  received  your  letter  of  the  21st  ultimo,  and  in  reply  I  beg  to  say  that  I 
have  made  it  a  rule  not  to  sign  petitions  or  appeals  to  members  of  Congress  for  legislation.  I 
have  expressed  myself  upon  the  subject  in  a  public  address  in  the  paragraph  to  which  your  letter 
refers.  It  does  seem  to  me  as  if  the  Christian  nations  of  the  world  ought  to  be  able  to  make 
their  contact  with  the  weaker  peoples  of  the  earth  beneficent  and  not  destructive,  and  I  give  to 
your  efforts  to  secure  helpful  legislation  my  warmest  sympathy. 

Very  truly  yours, 


Rev.  Wilbur  F.  Crafts,  Washington,  D. 


C. 


Ben ,ta min  Harrison. 


The  public  utterance  referred  to  in  the  letter  is  the  following  from  Ex-President  Harrison’s 
address  as  Honorary  President  of  the  Ecumenical  Missionary  Conference  which  met  in  New 
York  last  Spring: 

“The  men  who,  like  Paul,  have  gone  to  heathen  lands  with  the  message,  ‘We  seek  not  yours 
but  you,’  have  been  hindered  by  those  who  coming  after  have  reversed  the  message.  Rum  and 
other  corrupting  agencies  come  in  with  our  boasted  civilization,  and  the  feeble  races  wither 

before  the  hot  breath  of  the  white  man’s  vices.” 

s 

From  message  of  President  Theodore  Roosevelt,  December  2,  1901. 

In  dealing  with  the  aboriginal  races  few  things  are  more  important  than  to  preserve  them 
from  a  terrific  physical  and  moral  degradation  resulting  from  the  liquor  traffic.  We  are  doing 
all  we  can  to  save  our  own  Indian  tribes  from  this  evil.  Whenever  by  international  agreement  this 
same  end  can  be  obtained  as  regards  races  where  we  do  not  possess  exclusive  control,  every  effort 
should  be  made  to  bring  it  about. 


THE  AMERICAN  PRESIDENT  AND  SENATE  PROPOSE  A  UNIVERSAL  TREATY  TO  SUPPRESS 
TRAFFIC  IN  OPIUM  AND  INTOXICANTS  AMONG  ALL  UNCIVILIZED  RACES. 

Senate  resolution,  January  4,  1901. 

Resolved,  That  in  the  opinion  of  this  body  the  time  has  come  when  the  principle,  twice 
affirmed  in  international  treaties  for  Central  Africa,  that  native  races  should  be  protected 
against  the  destructive  traffic  in  intoxicants  should  be  extended  to  all  uncivilized  peoples  bj' 
enactment  of  such  laws  and  the  making  of  such  treaties  as  will  effectually  prohibit  the  sale  by 
the  signatory  powers  to  aboriginal  tribes  and  uncivilized  races  of  opium  and  intoxicating 
beverages. 


7 


Letter  of  Secretary  Hay. 


Secretary  John  Hay,  U.  S.  State  Department  (in  letter  of  December  11,  1901,  replying  to 
Chairman  of  Native  Races  Deputation)  : — Your  suggestion  that  I  call  the  attention  of  the 
nations  concerned  to  the  Resolution  of  the  Senate,  adopted  Jan.  4,  1901,  as  likely  to  have  influ¬ 
ence  by  indicating  the  concurrent  opinion  of  the  two  branches  of  the  treaty  making  power,  the 
Senate  and  the  Executive,  has  my  cordial  acquiescence.  In  view  of  the  circumstances  that  the 
former  representations  to  the  other  powers  were  made  by  the  British  Government  as  well  as  by 
our  own,  I  shall  initiate  renewed  overtures  in  the  proposed  sense  by  communicating  the  Senate 
Resolution  to  the  British  Government,  with  the  suggestion  that  it  be  made  the  basis  of  concur¬ 
rently  reopening  the  question  with  the  powers  having  influence  on  commerce  in  the  Western 
Pacific,  or  in  any  other  uncivilized  quarter  where  the  salutary  principle  of  liquor  restriction 
could  be  practically  applied  through  the  general  enactment  of  similar  laws  by  the  several  coun¬ 
tries  or  through  a  conventional  agreement  between  them. 


“O 

-K 

O 

O 

CD 


AMERICAN  GOVERNMENT  VETOES  OPIUM  MONOPOLY  AND  ENACTS  OPIUM  PROHIBITION 

IN  THE  PHILIPPINES. 

May  31,  1903,  a  bill  to  establish  a  government  monoply  of  opium  passed  second  reading  in  2 
the  Philippine  Government,  but  American  missionaries  appealed  by  cablegram  to  the  American  d 
people  through  the  International  Reform  Bureau  with  the  result  that  the  opium  monopoly  was 
vetoed  on  June  1 4th.  An  Opium  Commission  was  then  sent  out  from  Manila  by  the  Govern¬ 
ment  to  study  opium  laws  of  other  Asiatic  countries.  This  commission  advised  that  revenue  A  „ 
and  restriction  have  never  worked  effectively  together,  and  recommend  Japan’s  prohibitory 
plan  w*th  exceptions  only  for  medicine. 

In  March,  1905,  the  United  States  Congress  enacted  a  law  prohibiting  at  once  the  selling  of 
opium  to  Filipinos,  and  forbidding  all  sales  except  for  medicinal  purposes  after  three  years, 
that  is,  in  190 A  This  veto  of  the  opium  monopoly,  this  opium  report  and  this  opium  prohibi¬ 
tion  all  had  a  powerful  influence  in  securing  the  unanimous  vote  in  the  British  Parliament  on 
May  30,  1900,  to  release  China  from  the  opium  treaties 


AMERICAN  COMMERCIAL  BODIES  RECOGNIZE  TRAFFIC  IN  INTOXICANTS  AS  AN  INJURY  TO 

COMMERCE. 

Appeal  to  Hon.  John  Hay,  “The  Golden  Rule  Diplomatist.” 

To  the  Honorable,  the  Secretary  of  State : 

The  Board  of  Trade  of  Baltimore  has  authorized  the  undersigned  in  its  behalf  to  petition 
you  to  use  your  great  diplomatic  influence  to  induce  Great  Britain  to  withdraw  from  China 
the  opium  treaty,  which  a  British  writer  characterized  as  “the  enemy  of  the  honest  trade  of 
every  nation,”  since  it  destroys  the  buying  power  of  China  in  all  the  markets  of  the  world,  by 
impoverishing  millions  of  her  people. 

Secretary  Hay  granted  two  hearings  to  the  American  Native  Races  Deputation — one  in  be¬ 
half  of  the  universal  treaty  to  protect  all  uncivilized  races  against  all  intoxicants  and  opium, 
and  the  other  in  behalf  of  the  emancipation  of  China  from  the  opium  traffic,  and  in  both  cases 
expressed  without  delay  or  reserve  his  unqualified  approval  of  the  object  presented. 


Appeal  to  the  President  by  Pittsburg  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

“The  Pittsburg  Chamber  of  Commerce,  recalling  the  repeated  recommendations  of  President 
McKinley,  renewed  by  President  Roosevelt,  that  Congress  should  appoint  a  commission  to  study 
the  industrial  and  commercial  conditions  in  the  Chinese  Empire,  and  to  report  as  to  the  oppor¬ 
tunities  for  and  the  obstacles  to  the  enlargements  of  the  markets  in  China,  and  recognizing  that 
the  pauperizing  of  more  than  one  hundred  millions  of  its  people  by  opium  and  the  anti-foreign 
feeling  which  has  been  partly  caused  by  the  act  of  Great  Britain  in  compelling  China  io  “ 

prohibition  of  this  most  baneful  of  drugs,  is  one  of  the  great  obstacles  to  the  development  of 
that  largest  market  in  the  world,  hereby  join  with  others  in  petitioning  President  Roosevelt  to 
use  his  ‘good  offices,’  through  Secretary  Hay,  to  induce  Great  Britain  to  release  China  from  the 
treaty  provision  which  compels  it  to  tolerate  this  traffic  which  is  working  great  material  as 
well  as  moral  injury. 

“1.  It  seems  only  right  and  just  that  China  or  any  country  should  be  relieved  from  any 
obligation  which  would  force  an  evil  or  injury  upon  her  people  contrary  to  her  will. 

“2.  Every  government,  so  long  as  it  retains  its  sovereignty,  ought  to  have  the  unrestricted 
authority  to  regulate  its  own  internal  affairs. 

“3.  The  opium  traffic,  by  pauperizing  and  demoralizing  the  people,  will  be  a  great  obstacle 
co  the  enlargement  and  development  of  the  foreign  commerce  of  China,  in  which  our  own  country 
is  already  largely  interested,  and  to  which  it  looks  forward  with  great  expectation.” 

Appeal  to  President  Roosevelt  from  Merchants’  Association  of  New  York  City. 

“Whereas,  Under  the  provisions  of  the  treaty  existing  between  England  and  China,  the 
trade  in  opium  has  been  forced  upon  the  Chinese  Empire  for  more  than  half  a  century  and  the 
police  power  to  regulate  and  control  such  trade  has  been  taken  away  from  the  Government  of 
China  ;  and 


i 


8 


“Whereas,  The  use  of  opium,  which  has  grown  tremen¬ 
dously  under  the  operations  of  this  treaty,  and  which  it  is 
now  estimated  involves  over  120,000,000  people,  or  about  one 
quarter  of  the  population  of  the  Empire,  has  raised  a  bitter 
resentment  among  the  Chinese  people  against  all  foreigners; 
and 

“Whereas,  The  effect  of  this  widespread  use  of  opium  has 
been  to  demoralize,  diminish  and  in  many  instances  nullify 
their  purchasing  power,  thereby  greatly  curtailing  the  ability 
of  the  Empire  of  China  to  consume  the  products  of  the  world, 
including  the  products  of  this  country;  and 

“Whereas,  It  seems  probable  that  the  logic  of  events  now 
making  in  the  Far  East  will  necessitate  in  the  near  future  a 
revision  of  treaty  rights  between  the  Empire  of  China  and  the 
Kingdom  of  Great  Britain ;  now,  therefore,  be  it 

“Resolved,  by  the  Board  of  Directors  of  the  Merchants  As¬ 
sociation  of  New  York  that  the  power  and  right  to  regulate  and 
control  its  own  internal  affairs  should  be  restored  to  the  Em¬ 
pire  of  China,  in  order  that  justice  may  be  done  to  that  Empire; 
the  growing  intensity  of  hatred  for  all  foreigners  may  be  coun¬ 
teracted,  and  the  producing  and  purchasing  power  of  the  Em¬ 
pire  may'  not  continue  thus  to  be  curtailed;  and  be  it  further 

“Unsolved,  That  the  Government  of  the  United  States, 
through  its  Honorable  Secretary  of  State,  be,  and  is  hereby  re¬ 
quested  to  use  its  good  offices,  in  so  far  as  the  same  may  be 
done  consistently,  to  induce  the  restoration  to  the  Empire  of 
China  its  full  and  proper  police  powers  relative  to  this  subject; 
and  be  it  further 

“Resolved,  That  the  Secretary  of  the  Association  is  here¬ 
by  authorized  and  directed  to  forward  a  copy  of  these  pream¬ 
bles  and  resolutions  to  the  President  of  the  United  States  and 
to  each  member  of  his  Cabinet,  particularly  to  the  Hon.  John 
ITav,  Secretary  of  State.” 

Action  of  National  Board  of  Trade. 

The  Rational  Board  of  Trade,  January  19,  1905,  voted 
that  it  considered  the  proposed  emancipation  of  China  from 
opium  a  matter  of  “great  importance,”  and  urged  that  it  be  con¬ 
sidered  by  all  commercial  bodies  and  that  resulting  conclusions 
be  sent  to  Secretary'-  John  Hay. 

Petition  of  American  People  to  all  Civilized  Nations. 

On  December  0,  1901,  401  petitions  from  30  States  were 
presented  to  the  State  Department,  all  in  substance  as  follows: 


IMIIOI  REFORM  BUREAU 

206  Pennsylvania  Ave.,  S.  E., 
WASHINGTON.  D.  C. 


TRUSTEES. 

President  and  Auditor  : 

Rev.  J.  G.  Butler,  D.  D., 
Ex-Chaplain  U.  S.  Senate. 
Secretary  : 

Rev.  F.  D.  Power,  D.  D., 

Pastor  Vermont  Ave.  Christian  Church. 
Superintendent  and  Treasurer : 
Rev.  Wilbur  F.  Crafts,  Ph.D. 

All  of  Washington. 


General  Secretary : 

B.  B.  Bassette. 

Mr.  L.  T.  Yoder, 

Mr.  J.  W.  Houston, 

Mr.  J.  J.  Porter. 

All  of  Pittsburg. 

Rev.  B.  L.  Whitman,  D.  D., 
Ex-President  Columbian  University, 
Philadelphia. 

Mr.  Joshua  Levering', 
Baltimore,  Md. 

Mr.  Clinton  N.  Howard, 
Rochester,  N.  Y. 


DISTRICT  FIELD  SECRETARIES  : 
Rev.  A.  S.  Gregg, 

Rev.  R.  C.  Miller, 

Rev.  B.  P.  Judd, 

Rev.  G.  L.  Tufts,  Ph.D., 

Rev.  F.  W.  Emerson, 

Rev.  G.  W.  Peck,  LL.D. 


Object,  to  emancipate  China  from  opium, 
and  to  promote  Senate  Resolution  of 
Jan.  4,  1001,  following: 

“In  the  opinion  of  this  body  the  time 
has  come  when  the  principle,  twice 
affirmed  in  international  treaties  for 
Central  Africa,  that  native  races  should 
be  protected  against  the  destructive 
traffic  in  intoxicants ,  should  be  ex¬ 
tended  to  all  ■uncivilised  peoples  by  the 
enactment  of  such  laws  and  the  making 
of  such  treaties  as  • will  effectually  pro¬ 
hibit  the  sale  by  the  signatory  powers 
to  aboriginal  tribes  and  uncivilized  races 
of  opium  and  intoxicating  beverages.” 

Honorary  President  : 

Rev.  Frank  D.  Gamewell, 
Methodist  Missionary  to  China. 
Rev.  Sidney  L.  Gulick,  D.  D. 

Honorary  Secretaries  : 

Misses  Mary  and  Margaret  W.  Leitch, 
Ex-missionaries  to  Ceylon. 

Chairman  : 

Rev.  F.  E.  Clark,  D.  D., 

Pres.  World’s  Union  of  Christian  En¬ 
deavor. 


Resolved,  Thai  this  meeting  earnestly  petitions  all  civil¬ 
ized '■  governments  for  laws  and  treaties  to  protect  native  races 
against  intoxicants  and  opium ,  and-  the  presiding  officer  is 
hereby  authorized  to  so  attest.  We  respectfully  petition  all 
governments  to  take  both  separate  and  united  action  to  sup¬ 
press  the  traffics  in  opium  and  intoxicants  among  all  aborig¬ 
inal  races ,  in  the  interest  of  markets,  morals  and  missions , 
certainly  have  a  claim  on  the  consideration  of  gov¬ 
ernments  as  civilizing  agencies  greatly  hindered  by  the  traffic 
herein  opposed. 

Respectfully^  submitted  in  belialf  of  the  International  Re¬ 
form  Bureau,  and  the  Native  Races  Deputation. 

Wilbur  F.  Crafts, 

Superintendent  of  the  International  Reform  Bureau. 

Secretary  of  Native  Races  Deputation. 


Secretary : 

Rev.  Wilbur  F.  Crafts,  Ph.D. 


Dr.  Sidney  L.  Gulick, 

Prof.  J.  D.  Davis, 

Doshisha,  Kove,  Japan. 

Rev.  Homer  C.  Stuntz,  D.  D., 
Methodist  Presiding  Elder. 

Rev.  Wm.  Ashmore, 

Baptist  Ex-missionary  to  China. 
Rev.  W.  L.  Beard, 

Missionary  to  China,  formerly  of  Ameri¬ 
can  Board,  now  Y.  M.  C.  A. 

Rev.  J.  Walter  Lowrie,  D.  D., 
Presbyterian  Missionary  to  China. 
Rev.  J.  C.  I-Iartzell,  D.  D., 

M.  E.  Bishop  of  Africa. 

Rev.  J.  M.  Thoburn,  D.  D., 

M.  E.  Bishop  of  India  and  Malasia. 
Mrs.  S.  L.  Baldwin, 

Pres.  Methodist  Woman’s  Foreign  Mis¬ 
sionary  Society. 

Rt.  Rev.  W.  C.  Doane,  LL.D., 
Bishop  of  Albany. 

Rev.  D.  Stuart  Dodge, 

Pres.  National  Temperance  Society. 
Rev.  II.  H.  Russell,  D.  D„ 
American  Anti-Saloon  League. 
Joshua  Levering,  Esq., 

Rev.  J.  G.  Butler,  D.  D., 
Ex-Chaplain  U.  S.  Senate. 

Rev.  F.  D.  Power,  D.  D., 

See.  Congressional  Temperance  Society. 

Mrs.  Wilbur  F.  Crafts, 

Sunday  School  Supt.  World’s  W.  C.  T.  U. 
Mrs.  M.  D.  Ellis, 

Legislative  Supt.  N.  W.  C.  T.  U. 

Mrs.  Ellen  M.  Watson, 
of  Non-Partisan  IK.  C.  T.  U.  and  Presb. 
Woman’s  Missionary  Society. 


